Statistical study of mechanical responses of ordinary refractory

Ordinary refractory ceramics are multi-phase materials, and their inhomogeneous microstructures induce the scatter of properties. The definition of a reasonable number of samples is important to obtain representative results from experiments and simulations, and this reasonable number might be property or microstructure relevant. Stochastic discrete element …

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Investigation of the Testing Parameters Infl uencing the Cold …

Infl uencing the Cold Crushing Strength Testing Results of Refractory Materials J. Czechowski, A. Gerle, J. Podwórny, E. Dahlem ... experiment; (+) corresponds to the upper level of the factor ...

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(PDF) Study and Implementation of Quality Improvement …

Cold crushing strength (CCS) of iron ore pellets varies widely from as low as 80 Kgf / pellets to as high as 350 Kgf /pellets depending upon the input material quality and the process variables. The most preferred range of CCS of iron ore pellets is 180-240 Kg f / pellets which were normally found in the proportion of 35-40% at the plant ...

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Effect of Binders on the Crushing Strength of Ferro-Coke

In the case of the 10% coal tar pitch addition, the cold crushing strength of ferro-coke was increased from 18.15% to 76.41%; meanwhile, its hot compression strength during gasification improved ...

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IS 1528-4: Methods of Sampling and Physical Tests for Refractory

Title of Legally Binding Document: Methods of Sampling and Physical Tests for Refractory Materials, Part IV: Determination of Cold Crushing Strength of Dense Shaped Refratories Products Number of Amendments: Equivalence: Superceding: Superceded by: LEGALLY BINDING DOCUMENT Step Out From the Old to the New--Jawaharlal Nehru

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Web crippling behaviour of thin-walled lipped channel beams

Experimental tests for IOF loading conditions (Fig. 2 a) were performed by Heiyantuduwa and others and described in detail in [12], [14].Two separate series of tests were performed considering EOF and ETF loading conditions. The test specimens were fixed on to load bearing plates during both series of tests to prevent flange rotations and possible lateral …

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Standard Test Methods for Cold Crushing Strength and Modulus …

1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the cold crushing strength and the modulus of rupture (MOR) of dried or fired refractory shapes of all types. 1.2 The test methods appear in the following sections:

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C133 Standard Test Methods for Cold Crushing Strength and …

3.3 Considerable care must be used to compare the results of different determinations of the cold crushing strength or modulus of rupture. The specimen size and shape, the nature of the specimen faces (that is, as-formed, sawed, or ground), the orientation of those faces during testing, the loading geometry, and the rate of load application may all significantly …

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Designation: C 133 – 97

3.2 These test methods are for determining the room tem-perature flexural strength in 3-point bending (cold modulus of rupture) or compressive strength (cold crushing strength), or both, …

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Designation: C 133 – 97

plied load, and the calculated cold crushing strength for each specimen (see 7.1); 8.1.6 Mean cold crushing strength and standard deviation for each sample. 9. Precision and Bias 9.1 Precision—The precision of this test method is currently being investigated. 9.2 Bias—No justifiable statement can be made on the bias

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Development and properties of lightweight concrete based on …

In 2010, Geetha and Ramamurthy [15], as ones of the pioneers, produced artificial lightweight using cold bonding technique.They used cement and lime as binders to improve the pelletization of bottom fly ash. Besides, Na 2 SO 4 was used as chemical activator to accelerate the pozzolanic reaction. The results indicate that the strength of the aggregates was improved …

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Discrete Element Modelling of Cold Crushing Tests Considering …

Furthermore, the effects of the interface property distributions on the load/displacement curve, fracture energy, cold crushing strength, and fracture events were investigated. The results reveal that the DE method is a promising method for visualizing and quantifying the post–peak fracture process and crack events in ordinary refractory ...

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Discrete element modelling of ordinary refractory ceramics under cold

Mild scattering of cold crushing strength can be achieved with a minimum element size of less than 10 μm. Furthermore, tensile and shear failures occur in the models with the present property definitions. ... [39] was applied to fit the experimental curves and simulation curves from the two-dimensional DE modelling of cold crushing test and ...

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Thermal Insulation and Strength Characteristics of Refractory

According to the standard the cold crushing strength, (CCS) gunned type, the values are between 28.00 to 55.00 Kg.cm-2 [5], then it can conclude that the cold crushing strength (CSS) of SRM passes the limited standard. Agreement with CSS, the flexural strength values increase with cured time. The maximum value is 4.53 Kg.cm-2 at cured time of 28

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Effect of adding limestone on the metallurgical properties of iron …

Instead, the Cold Crushing Strength should preferably be estimated in regard to the acceptable level for blast furnace use, which varies in literature from 150 daN (Geerdes et al., 2009) to 200–230 daN (Dwarapudi et al., 2010, Dwarapudi et al., 2011, Dwarapudi et al., 2012). 88% of the non-fluxed pellets and 80% of the fluxed pellets had a ...

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ASTM C133

These test methods cover the determination of the cold crushing strength and the modulus of rupture (MOR) of dried or fired refractory shapes of all types.

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C133 Standard Test Methods for Cold Crushing Strength and …

1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the cold crushing strength and the modulus of rupture (MOR) of dried or fired refractory shapes of all types.

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[SIMPLE GUIDE] ASTM C133 for Refractory Materials

ASTM C133 does not provide a measure of performance at elevated temperatures. Rather, the test methods determine the room temperature compressive strength (cold crushing strength) and flexural strength in three-point bending (MOR). Here's what you will need to perform these methods. Recommended Equipment for Cold Crushing Strength. To test ...

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Cold Crushing Strength and Modulus of Rupture of …

1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the cold crushing strength and the modulus of rupture (MOR) of dried or Þred refractory shapes of all types. 1.2 The test methods appear in the following sections: Test Method Sections Cold Crushing Strength 4 to 9 Modulus of Rupture 10 to 15 1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be ...

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THE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY AND COLD CRUSHING …

the thermal conductivity and cold crushing strength of locally produced sandcrete bricks of different ... [b.sc. (hons) physics] a thesis submitted to the department of physics, kwame nkrumah university of science and technology in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of master of science physics (materials science) college of ...

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Cold Crushing Strength and Modulus of Rupture of …

7.1 Calculate the cold crushing strength using Eq 1: S 5 W/A (1) 3 Masonite has been found satisfactory for this purpose. FIG. 1 Recommended Design for Crushing Test Assembly, In-

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(PDF) Impact of Additives on DRI Pellet Strength

Hardened pellets were characterised using cold crushing strength and porosity. Reduced pellets were characterised using XRD and SEM. It was observed that the cold crushing strength of hardened fluxed pellets decreased from 222 to 12 kg/pellet, and porosity increased from 30 to 43% with an increase in selected particle size.

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IS 1528-4 (2012): Methods of Sampling and Physical Tests …

8.1 The cold crushing strength shall be reported as calculated from the following formula: Cold crushing strength = 0 W A where W = total maximum load, in N; and A 0 = mean area, in mm2. 8.2 The size of the test specimen and the direction of the load applied should be mentioned in the test report. 9 SAMPLING AND CRITERIA FOR CONFORMITY

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ASTM C133

ASTM C133 – Standard Test Methods for Cold Crushing Strength and Modulus of Rupture of Refractories. Description: Significance and Use. 3.1 The cold strength of a refractory material is an indication of its suitability for use in refractory construction. (It is not a measure of performance at elevated temperatures.)

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Statistical study of mechanical responses of ordinary refractory

It revealed that a relatively small number of samples are sufficient to obtain representative cold crushing strength (CCS) and Young's modulus, whilst a large number of samples are favourable ...

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Cold Crushing Strength and Modulus of Rupture of …

S 5 W/A (1) where: S = cold crushing strength, lbf/in.2 (MPa), W = total maximum load indicated by the testing machine, lbf (N), and A = average of the areas of the top and bottom of the specimen perpendicular to the line of application of the load, in. 2(mm ). 8. Report 8.1 Report the following: 8.1.1 Designation of the materials tested (that is, manufac-

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On a qualitative relationship between degree of inhomogeneity and cold

The influence of the spatial arrangement of aggregates on the cold crushing strength (CCS) of refractory castables is studied by means of methods of point process statistics. Two series of self-flowing refractory castables differing in the kind of aggregates used (tabular alumina, corundum balls) are analysed using quantitative image analysis ...

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Path of Science: International Electronic Scientific Journal

At the best sintering temperature of 1200 °C, the cold crushing strength (CCS) was 17.82 MPa, in the physical properties; apparent porosity was 22.8 %, bulk density was 1.8 g/cm 3, and firing shrinkage was 8.9 %.

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ASTM C-133 Cold Crushing Strength and Modulus of Rupture of.pdf

Designation: C133 - 97 (Reapproved 2015) Standard Test Methods for Cold Crushing Strength and Modulus of Rupture of Refractories 1 This standard is issued under the fixed designation C133; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses …

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Effect of Aluminum and Silicon Antioxidants Addition …

When using reactive alumina powder and fused white alumina as the alumina sources, the optimal cold crushing strength (CCS) and cold modulus of rupture (CMOR) were generated due to the dense ...

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